63 research outputs found
A Lightweight Framework for Universal Fragment Composition
Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are useful tools for coping with complexity in software development. DSLs provide developers with appropriate constructs for specifying and solving the problems they are faced with. While the exact definition of DSLs can vary, they can roughly be divided into two categories: embedded and non-embedded. Embedded DSLs (E-DSLs) are integrated into general-purpose host languages (e.g. Java), while non-embedded DSLs (NE-DSLs) are standalone languages with their own tooling (e.g. compilers or interpreters). NE-DSLs can for example be found on the Semantic Web where they are used for querying or describing shared domain models (ontologies). A common theme with DSLs is naturally their support of focused expressive power. However, in many cases they do not support nonâdomain-specific component-oriented constructs that can be useful for developers. Such constructs are standard in general-purpose languages (procedures, methods, packages, libraries etc.). While E-DSLs have access to such constructs via their host languages, NE-DSLs do not have this opportunity. Instead, to support such notions, each of these languages have to be extended and their tooling updated accordingly. Such modifications can be costly and must be done individually for each language. A solution method for one language cannot easily be reused for another. There currently exist no appropriate technology for tackling this problem in a general manner. Apart from identifying the need for a general approach to address this issue, we extend existing composition technology to provide a language-inclusive solution. We build upon fragment-based composition techniques and make them applicable to arbitrary (context-free) languages. We call this process for the composition techniquesâ universalization. The techniques are called fragment-based since their view of componentsâ reusable software units with interfacesâare pieces of source code that conform to an underlying (context-free) language grammar. The universalization process is grammar-driven: given a base language grammar and a description of the compositional needs wrt. the composition techniques, an adapted grammar is created that corresponds to the specified needs. The result is thus an adapted grammar that forms the foundation for allowing to define and compose the desired fragments. We further build upon this grammar-driven universalization approach to allow developers to define the nonâdomain-specific component-oriented constructs that are needed for NE-DSLs. Developers are able to define both what those constructs should be, and how they are to be interpreted (via composition). Thus, developers can effectively define language extensions and their semantics. This solution is presented in a framework that can be reused for different languages, even if their notion of âcomponentsâ differ. To demonstrate the approach and show its applicability, we apply it to two Semantic Web related NE-DSLs that are in need of component-oriented constructs. We introduce modules to the rule-based Web query language Xcerpt and role models to the Web Ontology Language OWL
A Generic Module System forWeb Rule Languages: Divide and Rule
An essential feature in practically usable programming languages is
the ability to encapsulate functionality in reusable modules. Modules make large
scale projects tractable by humans. For Web and Semantic Web programming,
many rule-based languages, e.g. XSLT, CSS, Xcerpt, SWRL, SPARQL, and RIF
Core, have evolved or are currently evolving. Rules are easy to comprehend
and specify, even for non-technical users, e.g. business managers, hence easing
the contributions to the Web. Unfortunately, those contributions are arguably
doomed to exist in isolation as most rule languages are conceived without modularity,
hence without an easy mechanism for integration and reuse. In this paper
a generic module system applicable to many rule languages is presented. We
demonstrate and apply our generic module system to a Datalog-like rule language,
close in spirit to RIF Core. The language is gently introduced along the
EU-Rent use case. Using the Reuseware Composition Framework, the module
system for a concrete language can be achieved almost for free, if it adheres to
the formal notions introduced in this paper
FörÀndrad aptering av massaved frÄn 3- till 4-meterslÀngder vid gallring inom Södra
The costs of logging and of transportation with truck are dominating the total cost of wood delivered at industry. To support the profitability for the members' forestry the processing and handling with the timber has to be as efficient as possible. Increased length of pulpwood in thinning is one conduct that can result in higher productivity and/or lower costs. The study is scaled as a system analysis with the aim to exemplify the differences between working with 3- and 4-meter as standard length of pulpwood, related to biological aspects, timber receipts, cost of logging and cost of transportation with truck. Important aspects are if the change is technically and biologically feasible and economically profitable. The logging analyses in forest show how the timber receipts and cost of logging varying for the different lengths. Out of these effects a different profit before truck road was calculated. The study is based on two monitory stands, one first time thinning and one second time thinning. The thinning grade is about 50 m3fub per ha each. The stands were cross-cut according to price-list of assortment range for the alternatives sawlogs & pulp wood as well as for sawlogs, sawlogs of standard lengths & pulp wood. The transportation with truck, from upper terminal to industry has been studied at varying transport distances as regards capacity and costs in SEK per m3fub. To ensure that the change is technical feasible, a machine operator (harvester and forwarder) and a truck has been operating with 4-meter lengths. The Timber Measurement Association at Mörrum's pulp mill has delivered their point of view of the change. The results show that cross-cut of 4-meter lengths increase the profit before truck road by 135-338 SEK per ha. The 3-meter alternative gives however higher yield and as a result of that higher timber receipts, while 4-meter lengths result in lower logging costs. The lower logging costs with 4-meter lengths are so high that they exceed the increasing timber receipts for the 3-meter lengths. In spite of smaller space (3- instead of 5 loads) the capacity of the transportation with truck is increasing as a result of more efficient loading and unloading. The biological effects are of miner importance. The conclusion out of this study is that using 4-meter as standard length in thinning is economically profitable.Drivnings- och transportkostnader stÄr för en stor del av rÄvarukostnaden vid industri.
För att stödja lönsamheten i medlemmarnas skogsbruk mÄste upparbetning och hantering
av virke ske sĂ„ effektivt som möjligt. Ăkad vedlĂ€ngd i gallring Ă€r en Ă„tgĂ€rd som kan
tÀnkas bidra till höjd produktivitet och/eller sÀnkt avverknings- och transportskostnad.
Studien Àr upplagd som en systemanalys dÀr syftet har varit att belysa skillnader mellan
att arbeta med 3- resp. 4-meter som standardlÀngd pÄ massved i gallring med avseende pÄ
biologiska aspekter, virkesintÀkter, drivningskostnader och transportkostnader. Viktiga
aspekter Àr huruvida förÀndringen Àr tekniskt och biologiskt genomförbar, samt
ekonomiskt lönsam.
Avverkningsanalysen visar hur virkesintÀkter och drivningskostnader varierar vid resp.
lÀngdalternativ. Ur dessa effekter berÀknades en nettoskillnad vid bilvÀg. Studien Àr
baserad pÄ tvÄ analysbestÄnd, ett 1:a gallrings- och ett 2:a gallringsbestÄnd, med uttag pÄ
omkring 50 m3fub per ha. BestÄnden apterades mot sortimentsprislistor enligt
alternativen timmer & massaved resp. timmer, kubb & massaved. Vidaretransporten frÄn
avlÀgg till industri har studerats vid varierande transportavstÄnd, dels med avseende pÄ
prestation, dels pÄ kostnader uttryckt i SEK per m3fub. För att sÀkerstÀlla att förÀndringen
Àr tekniskt genomförbar har en maskingrupp (skördare och skotare) och en lastbil varit
verksam och arbetat med 4-meters lÀngder. VirkesmÀtningsföreningen vid Mörrums bruk
har lÀmnat synpunkter pÄ förÀndringen av massavedsapteringen.
Resultaten visar att aptering av 4-meters lÀngder ökar nettot med 135-338 SEK per ha
beroende pÄ vilka sortiment som apteras. 3-meters alternativet ger emellertid bÀttre utbyte
av rÄvaran och till följd dÀrav högre virkesintÀkter, medan 4-meters lÀngder resulterar i
lÀgre drivningskostnader. De sÀnkta drivningskostnaderna Àr dock sÄ stora att de
överstiger de ökade virkesintÀkterna för 3-metersveden. Trots mindre utrymme pÄ
lastbilen (3 stuvar istÀllet för 5) höjs prestationen i vidaretransportledet vid 4-metersved
till följd av effektivare lastning och lossning. De biologiska effekterna Àr begrÀnsade.
Slutsatsen av studien Àr sÄledes att det Àr ekonomiskt lönsamt att i gallringsbestÄnd
anvÀnda sig av 4-meter som standardlÀngd
Modular Web Queries â From Rules to Stores
Even with all the progress in Semantic technology, accessing Web
data remains a challenging issue with new Web query languages and approaches
appearing regularly. Yet most of these languages, including W3C approaches
such as XQuery and SPARQL, do little to cope with the explosion of the data
size and schemata diversity and richness on the Web. In this paper we propose
a straightforward step toward the improvement of this situation that is simple to
realize and yet effective: Advanced module systems that make partitioning of (a)
the evaluation and (b) the conceptual design of complex Web queries possible.
They provide the query programmer with a powerful, but easy to use high-level
abstraction for packaging, encapsulating, and reusing conceptually related parts
(in our case, rules) of a Web query. The proposed module system combines ease
of use thanks to a simple core concept, the partitioning of rules and their consequences
in flexible âstoresâ, with ease of deployment thanks to a reduction
semantics. We focus on extending the rule-based Semantic Web query language
Xcerpt with such a module system though the same approach can be applied to
other (rule-based) languages as well
FrÄn maskin och metafor till identitet och funktionalitet: Kulturvetenskapliga perspektiv pÄ kropp
Prototypical composition ontology for rule-based languages
This paper presents an ontology for the composition of rule-based ontology languages. Since typing compositions is an important issue, the ontology consists of components: two upperlevel ontologies, the metamodel of the ontology language, and a metamodel of reuse constructs that play an important role in composition. With the interplay of these components, type-safe composition of ontology components can be achieved.peer-reviewe
Novel organization of mitochondrial minicircles and guide RNAs in the zoonotic pathogen Trypanosoma lewisi
Abstract Kinetoplastid flagellates are known for several unusual features, one of which is their complex mitochondrial genome, known as kinetoplast (k) DNA, composed of mutually catenated maxi- and minicircles. Trypanosoma lewisi is a member of the Stercorarian group of trypanosomes which is, based on human infections and experimental data, now considered a zoonotic pathogen. By assembling a total of 58 minicircle classes, which fall into two distinct categories, we describe a novel type of kDNA organization in T. lewisi. RNA-seq approaches allowed us to map the details of uridine insertion and deletion editing events upon the kDNA transcriptome. Moreover, sequencing of small RNA molecules enabled the identification of 169 unique guide (g) RNA genes, with two differently organized minicircle categories both encoding essential gRNAs. The unprecedented organization of minicircles and gRNAs in T. lewisi broadens our knowledge of the structure and expression of the mitochondrial genomes of these human and animal pathogens. Finally, a scenario describing the evolution of minicircles is presented
Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune protection against COVID-19. Here, we systematically mapped the functional and phenotypic landscape of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in unexposed individuals, exposed family members, and individuals with acute or convalescent COVID-19. Acute-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells displayed a highly activated cytotoxic phenotype that correlated with various clinical markers of disease severity, whereas convalescent-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were polyfunctional and displayed a stem-like memory phenotype. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detectable in antibody-seronegative exposed family members and convalescent individuals with a history of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19. Our collective dataset shows that SARS-CoV-2 elicits broadly directed and functionally replete memory T cell responses, suggesting that natural exposure or infection may prevent recurrent episodes of severe COVID-19
SÀnkt framledningstemperatur i LuleÄ Energis fjÀrrvÀrmenÀt
LuleĂ„ Energi handhaver drift och distribution av tvĂ„ olika fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t, ett i RĂ„neĂ„ och ett i LuleĂ„, innefattandes av diverse hetvattencentraler (HVC) och tryckstegringspumpar (TSP). I RĂ„neĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t levereras en framledningstemperatur pĂ„ 100°C vid utomhustemperatur -30°C. I LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t levereras en framledningstemperatur pĂ„ 115°C vid utomhustemperatur -30°C. LuleĂ„ Energi vill sĂ€nka framlednigstemperaturen i deras handhavande fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t och mĂ„let som strĂ€vas mot Ă€r framledningstemperatur 80°C vid utomhustemperatur -30°C. Detta bland annat i syfte att kunna tillvarata mer spillvĂ€rme frĂ„n mer lĂ„gkvalitativa kĂ€llor, öka elproduktionen vid kraftvĂ€rmeverk och minska de distributionsrelaterade vĂ€rmeförlusterna. SĂ€nkning av framledningstemperaturen i ett fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t kan dock leda till negativa differenstryck och undertryck i vissa omrĂ„den i fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€tet. Detta kan innebĂ€ra cirkulationsproblem samt kokning av vattnet i rörledningarna vilket kan skada armatur i nĂ€tet. Ăkad pumpning kan i vissa fall lösa problemen. Dock fĂ„r inte maxtrycket 1600 kPa, som fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€ten och dess rörledningar Ă€r dimensionerade för, överskridas. Detta projekt har, med hjĂ€lp av nĂ€tberĂ€kningsprogrammet Netsim, undersökt hur en sĂ€nkning av framledningstemperaturen pĂ„verkar RĂ„neĂ„s och LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t. BĂ„da nĂ€ten simulerades för olika framledningstemperaturer vid utomhustemperatur -30°C, med tillĂ€gg för utomhustemperatur -8°C i LuleĂ„s nĂ€t vilket ungefĂ€r Ă€r den lĂ€gsta utomhustemperatur dĂ„ spetsanlĂ€ggningar inte Ă€r i drift. OmrĂ„den som riskerar lĂ„ga differenstryck, hur pumpningarna pĂ„verkas samt vilka typer av rörledningar som bör prioriteras vid eventuell framtida uppdimensionering har identifierats. Ăven Ă„tgĂ€rder för att fĂ„ respektive nĂ€t att hantera sĂ€nkt framledningstemperatur har föreslagits. OmrĂ„den som riskerar lĂ„ga differenstryck i RĂ„neĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t identifieras till ett i södra RĂ„neĂ„ (kring bland annat SkĂ€rsvĂ€gen, GesĂ€llvĂ€gen och GarvarevĂ€gen) och ett i norra RĂ„neĂ„ lĂ€ngs SundsvĂ€gen ut mot Sundet. RĂ„neĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t bör kunna hantera en framledningstemperatur pĂ„ 90°C vid utomhustemperatur -30°C som drift- och distributionsförhĂ„llandena ser ut idag, med förutsĂ€ttning att pumpkapaciteten frĂ„n HVC3 Ă€r tillrĂ€cklig. För att kunna sĂ€nka ytterligare till 80°C bör Ă„tgĂ€rder vidtas. Förslagsvis uppgradera fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmecentraler och dĂ€rmed förbĂ€ttra avkylningen hos sex kunder med medelavkylning under 10°C samt dĂ€refter justera pumpningen frĂ„n HVC3 för att precis hĂ„lla uppe trycknivĂ„erna. Detta under förutsĂ€ttning att pumpningen vid HVC3 kan hantera den ökade tryckstegrings- samt flödeskapaciteten frĂ„n 0,31 MPa och 51 kg/s till 0,77 MPa och 96 kg/s vilket rapporteras frĂ„n simuleringar i Netsim. Vid eventuell framtida uppdimensionering av rör i RĂ„neĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t bör fokus ligga pĂ„ rörledningar lĂ€ngs huvudledningar i kĂ€rnan av nĂ€tet, distributionsledningar frĂ„n huvudledning ut mot visst ytteromrĂ„de samt vissa rörledningar inuti ett visst distributionsomrĂ„de som mindre slut-distributionsledningar ut mot kund utgĂ„r ifrĂ„n. Detta kan grovt sammanstĂ€llas till rörledningar med dimension inom spannet DN150 - DN54. OmrĂ„den som riskerar lĂ„ga differenstryck, utifrĂ„n simuleringsresultaten, i LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t har identifierats till ytteromrĂ„den i Svartöstaden, GĂŒltzaudden, TrollnĂ€s, Lulsundet, Björkskatan, Ăhemmanet, Gammelstad, Kyrkbyn och Sunderbyn. LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t kan inte hantera nĂ„gon sĂ€nkning av framledningstemperatur över huvud taget enligt dagens drift- och distributionsförhĂ„llanden. SĂ€nkt framledningstemperatur i LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t krĂ€ver Ă„tgĂ€rder. Förslagsvis uppdimensionera rörledningar ut mot BergnĂ€set, Ăhemmanet, Gammelstad, Sunderbyn och Kyrkbyn samt justera instĂ€llningarna för respektive pumpning i nĂ€tet för att precis hĂ„lla uppe trycknivĂ„erna. Pumpningen pĂ„ Lulekraft och HVC2 bör kunna hantera en ökad tryckstegrings- samt flödeskapaciteten frĂ„n 0,72 MPa och 12·102 kg/s till 1,2 MPa och 16·102 kg/s. Pumpningen pĂ„ HVC4 bör kunna hantera de ökad tryckstegrings- samt flödeskapaciteten frĂ„n 0,73 MPa och 84 kg/s till 1,1 MPa och 11·101 kg/s. Pumpningen pĂ„ HVC1 bör kunna hantera de ökad tryckstegrings- samt flödeskapaciteten frĂ„n 0,63 MPa och 19·101 kg/s till 0,87 MPa och 26·101 kg/s. Pumpningen pĂ„ HVC1 tryckstegringspump bör kunna hantera liknande flödeskapacitet som idag, men inte lika hög tryckstegringskapacitet. Pumpningen pĂ„ HVC5 tryckstegringspump bör kunna hantera de ökad flödeskapaciteten frĂ„n 15·101 kg/s till 20·101 kg/s, men inte lika hög tryckstegrinskapacitet. Pumparna pĂ„ TSP1 fram- och returledning bör kunna hantera de ökad flödeskapacitet frĂ„n 85 kg/s till 96 kg/s, men inte lika hög tryckstegringskapacitet. Pumpningen pĂ„ TSP3 bör kunna hantera de ökad flödeskapacitet frĂ„n 20·101 kg/s till 27·101 kg/s, men inte lika hög tryckstegringskapacitet. Kontinuerligt arbete bör fokuseras kring att uppgradera fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmecentraler, framförallt i LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t. Att förbĂ€ttra kunders avkylning Ă€r till betydande hjĂ€lp i arbetet mot sĂ€nkt framledningstemperatur och alla pumpars tryckstegrings- och flödeskapaciteter kan dĂ„ sĂ€nkas. Att pumpningen vid HVC5 tryckstegringspump pĂ„verkas mest vid förbĂ€ttrad avkylning hos kunderna kan tyda pĂ„ att flertalet kunder med dĂ„lig avkylning idag kan finnas i Gammelstad, Kyrkbyn och Sunderbyn, vilka Ă€r de omrĂ„den som denna pumpning hĂ„ller trycknivĂ„er ut mot. Vid framtida uppdimensionering av rörledningar i LuleĂ„s fjĂ€rrvĂ€rmenĂ€t bör fokus ligga pĂ„ distributionsledningar frĂ„n huvudledning ut mot visst ytteromrĂ„de samt rörledningar inuti ett visst distributionsomrĂ„de som mindre slut-distributionsledningar ut mot kund utgĂ„r ifrĂ„n. Detta kan grovt sammanstĂ€llas till rörledningar med dimension inom spannet DN125 - DN42
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